Assistive technology can be classified as either a device or a service. A device is any item, piece of equipment, or system designed to enhance, maintain, or improve the functional abilities of individuals with disabilities. These devices help people maximize their abilities and extend their independence.

Augmentative and alternative communication devices give speech capabilities to individuals who cannot speak on their own. Telecommunications devices for the deaf (TDDs), text telephones (TTYs), and television decoders improve communication and social interaction for people with hearing loss. Alerting systems use lights or vibrations to warn individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing about potential dangers. For people with communication disabilities, these technologies provide greater independence and better access to community services and employment.

Robotic arms and environmental control systems allow users to turn lights on and off, open doors, and operate appliances. Locational and orientation systems help individuals with vision impairments navigate their surroundings, providing information about terrain changes, nearby curbs, and other obstacles.

Assistive technology also includes modifications to buildings and facilities that improve accessibility. These adaptations allow individuals with vision impairments to move freely, help people of short stature or wheelchair users access payphones, and enable the use of elevators. Assistive technology makes public spaces—such as shopping centers, workplaces, schools, recreation areas, and transportation hubs—more accessible.

While assistive technology is sometimes perceived as costly, highly visible, or difficult to obtain and use, that is not always the case. Some high-tech devices—such as motorized wheelchairs, communication boards, assistive listening systems, environmental control systems, and adapted vehicles—can be expensive, complex, and noticeable.

However, low-tech assistive devices are often affordable and easy to use. These include Velcro fasteners, large-print materials, talking calculators, big-button phones, magnifiers, tape recorders, adapted eating utensils, dressing aids, writing aids, canes, and walkers.